Correlations between horizontal jump and sprint acceleration and maximal speed performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the associations between horizontal jump and sprint acceleration, as well as maximal speed performance. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), and Web of Science. The studies that were included in this review must meet the following criteria: (1) well-trained individuals over the age of 18 years old; (2) Pearson's correlation coefficients between sprint time and horizontal jump distance were provided; (3) the sprint distance was limited to 0-100 m. The quality of the studies was assessed using a modified version of the Downs and Black Quality Index test. A random-effects model was used to determine the effect sizes, and heterogeneity between studies was examined using the Q statistic and I2. Results: From the identified 2,815 studies, 27 studies were included in this study (two from reference lists). The sprint time of the sprint acceleration phase was moderately and negatively correlated with the standing long jump (r =  - 0.45, z = 7.48, p < 0.001), single leg standing long jump (r =  - 0.48, z = 3.49, p < 0.001) and horizontal drop jump distance (r =  - 0.48, z = 3.49, p < 0.001), and was largely and negatively correlated with multiple jump distance (r =  - 0.69, z = 6.02, p < 0.001). Out of five studies assessed the standing triple jump, three studies reported significant positive association with the sprint acceleration performance. The sprint time of maximal speed phase was very largely and negatively associated with standing long jump distance (r =  - 0.73, z = 4.44, p < 0.001) and multiple jump distance (r =  - 0.76, z = 6.86, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This review indicates the moderate to very large associations between horizontal jump and sprint acceleration and maximal speed performance, and the highest magnitude of associations between them is found in the multiple jump. Moreover, compared to the sprint acceleration performance, there are greater associations between maximal speed performance and standing long jump and multiple jump distance.

Case Report: Stress Fracture in an International Triple Jumper: Importance of an Integrated Care Approach Which Also Incorporates Biomechanics.

Athletes fear stress fracture (SF) injuries as they can put a premature end to their athletic careers. Understanding any mechanical constraints can suggest preventive management approach. Specifically, for the triple jump, the mechanical stresses that occur during the event appear to be the main factors for risk of injury. This clinical case describes three successive episodes of anterior tibial fracture in an international triple jumper between 2011 and 2013. The first fracture received surgical treatment involving intramedullary nailing. The second fracture occurred in the same location and was considered a recurrence requiring medical treatment, whilst the third was a complete fracture of the surgical material and required surgical revision. These recurrent fractures can be explained by the fatigue of materials (bone and nail) induced by triple jump practice and emphasize the importance of integrating biomechanics into an assessment of the case. The use of biomechanical modelization to identify these weaknesses could be an approach for clinical management of such patients. Observation of the intrinsic mechanical stresses during high-level triple jump may lead to identification of modifiable risk factors for bone fragility.

Performance progression of elite jumpers: Early performances do not predict later success.

This study aimed (a) to estimate the transition rate for top 50 ranked track and field jumpers, (b) to compare the performance progression of top 50 ranked senior jumpers (top50 senior) to those who failed to be top 50 ranked in the senior category despite being top 50 ranked in the under 18 category (only U18), and (c) to verify whether relative age effect may at least partially explain the differences in the two above-mentioned subgroups. The career performance trajectories of 5981 athletes (2837 females) competing in jump events from 2000 to 2019 were extracted from the World Athletics database. The all-time top 50 ranked athletes for each age from 16 years to senior category were identified. Performance progression characteristics were compared using linear mixed-effects model. Only 8% of males and 16% of females top 50 ranked at the age of 16 years managed to be included among the top50 senior. Only U18subgroup made the first appearance in the database (at 15-16 years) and reached the peak performance (at 20 years) earlier than top50 senior (17-18 and 26-27 years, respectively). The relative age effect was largely present in Only U18 but not in top50 senior subgroups. Most of the early-successful U18 world-class jumpers did not manage to maintain the same level of competitiveness in adulthood since they experienced a plateau in performance from 20 years of age. Conversely, top 50 ranked senior jumpers continued to produce consistent performance improvement up to 26-27 years of age.

Effect of the French Contrast Method on Explosive Strength and Kinematic Parameters of the Triple Jump Among Female College Athletes.

There are resistance training methods that result in strength, others that enhance hypertrophy and others that stimulate power. The training modality of contrast provides all of these benefits in one session. The concept of French Contrast training is based on a combination of complex and contrast methods. The idea is to use four exercises to induce physiological responses of the athlete and train along the force-speed curve. The primary purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of the French Contrast Method on explosive strength and kinematic parameters of the triple jump among female college athletes. Ten female college athletes from the Helwan University's track and field team participated in this study. Participants were assessed before and after an 8-week training program for upper and lower body explosive strength. No significant differences were observed in anthropometric characteristics. Explosive strength variables (Sargent jump test, countermovement jump, and seated medicine ball throw) increased significantly and kinematic parameters of the triple jump improved. The results indicated that eight weeks of the French Contrast training can improve both explosive strength and kinematic parameters of the triple jump.

Triple jump: an alternative to be consider for assessing compliance with goals in graduate programs / Salto triple: una alternativa de evaluación del cumplimiento de objetivos en programas de postgrado

SUMMARY: Ensuring quality in graduate teaching is a guarantee of the competitiveness demonstrated by institutions. The aim of this study was to determine the internal consistency and reliability of the Triple Jump (TJ) instrument applied to Master's and Doctorate students in Medical Sciences to assess compliance of goals. Reliability study conducted at Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. TJ was applied by 3 evaluators who performed 2 evaluations, with structured assessment guidelines in three domains (cognitive, attitudinal and procedural), on a Likert scale with scores from 0 (not achieved) to 4 (achieved). The total point score was transformed into a final grade. The evaluated subjects were characterized, and internal consistency and interobserver reliability were determined. Fifty-one Health care professionals enrolled in Medical Sciences graduate programs at the Universidad de La Frontera between 2005-2016 (35 from the Master 's program and 16 from the Doctorate in Medical Sciences). In study subjects had a median age of 29 years, 6 years of professional experience and 3 years as specialists. 66.7 % were male. The internal consistency of the responses to the assessment was characterized by a Cronbach's between 0.734 and 0.938. Interobserver reliability of the instrument had values between 0.86 and 1.0. The levels of internal consistency and reliability were higher than previously reported; therefore, the test is reliable and exhibits solid internal consistency.

RESUMEN: Garantizar la calidad en la enseñanza de posgrado es una garantía de la competitividad demostrada por las instituciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la consistencia interna y confiabilidad interobservador del instrumento salto triple (ST), aplicado a estudiantes de Magíster y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, para evaluar cumplimiento de objetivos de aprendizaje. Estudio de confiabilidad realizado en la Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. El ST, fue aplicado por 3 evaluadores que realizaron 2 evaluaciones, utilizando guías de evaluación estructuradas en tres dimensiones (cognitivo, actitudinal y de procedimiento); en una escala tipo Likert con puntajes de 0 (objetivo no logrado) a 4 (objetivo plenamente logrado). El puntaje total se transformó posteriormente en una calificación final. Se caracterizó a los sujetos evaluados y se determinó consistencia interna y confiabilidad interobservador. Para ello, se enrolaron 51 profesionales de la salud matriculados en los programas de postgrado en Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad de La Frontera entre 2005 y 2016 (35 del programa de Magíster y 16 del Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas). Los sujetos a estudio, tenían una mediana de edad de 29 años, 66,7 % eran hombres, tenían 6 años de experiencia profesional y 3 años como especialistas. La consistencia interna de las respuestas a la evaluación se caracterizó por un a de Cronbach entre 0,734 y 0,938. La confiabilidad interobservador del instrumento tenía valores entre 0,86 y 1,0. Los niveles de consistencia interna y confiabilidad fueron más altos que los reportados previamente; por ende, nos parece que esta forma de evaluar objetivos en este tipo de estudiantes, tiene una consistencia interna sólida y es confiable.

Optimisation of phase ratio in the triple jump using computer simulation.

The triple jump is an athletic event comprising three phases in which the optimal proportion of each phase to the total distance jumped, termed the phase ratio, is unknown. This study used a whole-body torque-driven computer simulation model of all three phases of the triple jump to investigate optimal technique. The technique of the simulation model was optimised by varying torque generator activation parameters using a Genetic Algorithm in order to maximise total jump distance, resulting in a hop-dominated technique (35.7%:30.8%:33.6%) and a distance of 14.05m. Optimisations were then run with penalties forcing the model to adopt hop and jump phases of 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, and 37% of the optimised distance, resulting in total distances of: 13.79m, 13.87m, 13.95m, 14.05m, and 14.02m; and 14.01m, 14.02m, 13.97m, 13.84m, and 13.67m respectively. These results indicate that in this subject-specific case there is a plateau in optimum technique encompassing balanced and hop-dominated techniques, but that a jump-dominated technique is associated with a decrease in performance. Hop-dominated techniques are associated with higher forces than jump-dominated techniques; therefore optimal phase ratio may be related to a combination of strength and approach velocity.

Biomechanical evaluation of the phases of the triple jump take-off in a top female athlete.

The triple jump is one of two track and field events in which the athlete aims to maximize the horizontal distance jumped. This jump is comprised of 3 take-off phases (hop, step, and jump), each playing an important role, as they require the jumper to tolerate extremely high forces of impact and to maintain a high level of horizontal velocity. The purpose of the study was to investigate the biomechanical characteristics of the 3 take-off phases in the triple jump in a top female athlete. The 3 take-off phases of the top national female triple jumper were videotaped and analyzed using 2D motion analysis. Three cameras (DSR-SR 68) were placed on the lateral sides of the 3 take-off points, to record the motions of the 3 take-off phases. Results indicated that maximum loss of the horizontal velocity was in the hop phase (1.13 m/s), while the maximum braking time was in the jump phase (0.05 sec). The maximum pushing time was in the jump phase (0.10 s), while the pushing time was equal in the hop and step phases (0.05 s). In conclusion, the success of the triple jump is the result of the physical and technical qualities of the jumper. The excessive loss in horizontal velocity during the 3 take-off phases is the main factor limiting the performance of the top female athlete.

Short-term effects of patellar kinesio taping on pain and hop function in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is the most prevalent orthopaedic condition among physically active individuals, contributing to an estimated 30% to 40% of all sports medicine visits. Techniques using Kinesio Tape (KT) have become increasingly popular; however, there has been scant research supporting its use on patients with PFPS. HYPOTHESIS: The use of patellar KT to treat patients with PFPS will provide a statistically significant improvement in short-term pain and single-leg hop measures as compared with sham placement of KT. STUDY DESIGN: Nonrandomized controlled clinical trial with repeated-measures design. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: Forty-nine subjects (41 females, 8 males) between the ages of 12 and 24 years with PFPS participated in this study. Each subject underwent patellar kinesio taping with both experimental and sham applications while completing 4 functional tasks and the single-leg triple jump test (STJT). The treatment outcome was analyzed using separate paired t tests to measure improvement on a numeric pain rating scale. A 2-way, 2 × 2 analysis of variance was used to analyze the relationship between taping condition (experimental vs sham) and side (involved vs uninvolved) for STJT scores. RESULTS: Separate paired t tests found step-up, step-down, and STJT pain improvement statistically significant between taping conditions. The 2-factor analysis of variance yielded a significant main effect for taping condition, but the main effect for side was not significant. The interaction between taping condition and side was significant. This showed there was little change in STJT distance between repeated measures performed on the untaped, noninvolved leg. However, subjects' STJT distances were significantly greater for the experimental KT application than the sham application for the involved side. CONCLUSION: Patellar kinesio taping provided an immediate and statistically significant improvement in pain and single-leg hop function in patients with PFPS when compared with a sham application. However, improvement in STJT scores did not surpass the minimally detectable change value, and therefore, the clinical effectiveness of KT for improving single-leg hop function was not established in the current study. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Kinesio Tape provides a viable, short-term method to control pain.

Triple jump examination evaluation of faculty examiners by dental student examinees.

The triple jump examination (TJE) is an oral examination that poses challenges for objective assessment. Student satisfaction levels with faculty assessment can provide information on quality of teaching and students' perceptions of the learning environment. The purpose of this study was to determine scale and interrater reliability of an instrument used by approximately 576 first-year dental students at one U.S. dental school for assessment of their faculty evaluators following midterm and final TJEs over a three-year period. One hundred and one faculty members served as administrators of the TJE with a range of one to 187 times (mean=44.10, median=29, mode=11). The grand mean for six items on a six-point Likert scale was 5.39 with a pooled standard deviation of 1.01. Results indicate positive agreement toward performance of examiners with strong interrater reliability (Average Measures ICC=0.936, Single Measures ICC=0.708) (F5,23475 = 51.564, p<0.001) and consistency across all items (Cronbach's α=0.936). The a priori assumption that students would rate faculty higher as they gained experience over time was rejected (r=0.018, p=0.429). Indications are that faculty members, who are relatively inexperienced with TJE examining, can perform acceptable assessment from the students' perspective. Overall, these students expressed a high level of satisfaction with TJE faculty performance.

Triple jump examinations for dental student assessment.

The triple jump examination (TJE) attempts to assess a higher level of learning with demand for analysis, critical thinking, and resolution of problems presented by written scenarios based on patient care situations. The purpose of this study was to examine the internal consistency, scale reliability, and interrater reliability of the TJE used at the Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California. On the sample of 2,227 examinations administered by seventy-seven raters across a three-year time period, the Cronbach's coefficient alpha for internal consistency of the overall TJE was found to be good (a=0.869). The internal consistency of the three subscales was found to be acceptable (a=0.731), good (a=0.820), and good (a=0.820). Average and single measures intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for scale reliability were significant at p<0.001, indicating strong interrater reliability. There were no statistically significant differences (p≤0.05) in the mean scores assigned on the TJE between rater groups defined by rater experience level with the TJE. A very high level of agreement among rater pairs was also observed. Across the entire three-year study period, with over 19,152 ratings, the seventy-seven raters were in general agreement 99.5 percent of the time and in exact agreement 77.2 percent of the time.

Assessment of external and internal loads in the triple jump via inverse dynamics simulation.

THE TRIPLE JUMP IS A DEMANDING ATHLETICS EVENT THAT, AFTER AN APPROACH RUN, CONSISTS OF THREE CONSECUTIVE PHASES: the hop, the bound, and the jump. During the involved three take-off actions a jumper is exposed to increased risk of injury due to the high impact forces from the ground and powerful muscle/tendon efforts, which are further reflected in the internal loads of the lower limb joints. While external ground reactions can possibly be measured using force platforms, in vivo measurements of the internal loads are practically not feasible. The purpose of the paper is to present the development of an effective formulation for the inverse dynamics simulation of the triple jump, based on the jumper dynamical model and non-invasive kinematic recordings of the movement. The developed simulation model serves for the analysis of all the triple jump phases, irrespective of whether the jumper is in flight or in contact with the ground with one of his feet, and is focused on effective assessment of the external reactions on the supporting leg as well as the muscle forces and joint reaction forces in the leg. Some numerical results of inverse dynamics simulation of the triple jump are reported.

Possibility of Delay in the Super-Compensation Phase due to Aging in Jump Practice.

PURPOSE: To investigate the possibility of a delay in the super-compensation phase due to aging in jump practice. METHODS: This study evaluated records in three phases (approximately every five years) of a man who had been participating in Masters Athletics for over 20 years. After correcting for air temperature, which would influence the distance on a standing five-step jump using simple regression analysis, the performance curve of the super-compensation phase was calculated at each phase by curvilinear estimation to assess the relationship between the training interval and distance on the standing five-step jump. RESULTS: A peak distance on the standing five-step jump was achieved after a training interval of 60 hours in the first phase; 75 hours in the second phase; and 88 hours in the third phase. That is, the peak distance tended to delay with aging. CONCLUSION: It may be suggested that the super-compensation period would be delayed by aging in jump practice. We would like master athletes to refer this result and improve their performance.

A Study on the Improvement of Evaluation Method in Problem-Based Learning / 한국의학교육

Since teaching is considered as one of significant activities in education, an appropriate feedback must be given each and every activity in a classroom. To created an effective teaching-learning environment, a due evaluation process is required. A qualititative-oriented method should be applied to assess high mental ability such as judgment and abilities to analyze and integrate. In a qualitive-oriented evaluation the process is far more important than the produce of learning. A problem-based learning approach in medical education facilitates the thinking ability of students. The above-mentioned evaluation is proper instrument to assess the process of teaching activity. The present study identified the importance of problem-based learning. With the introduction of Triple Jump, OSCE(Objective Structured Clinical Examination), and MEQ(Modified Essay Question) as suggested strategies of qualitative-oriented evaluation, the authors implied development of evaluation of problem-based learning.